Wow Davy, fortunately the secret business of the inner workings of the Illuminati of surfing is beyond the comprehension of most learners, so great for asking.
As a learner it would be hard to get into any lineup with any element of priority, and if there was was you wouldn't be part of it. ( harsh but true)
Whenever someone paddles out at a surf spot the surfers already there assess your paddle style your positioning coming out and decide at what level they want to treat you.
At some breaks you would be immediately harassed out of the water, non local or an evaluation of your skills.
So let's directly answer your questions
1. Usually the person nearest the most critical part of the wave to take off this can be waived if the crowd is aware that some one with skills has let a few go through to get a better one, the person who has just paddled back inside from their last wave does not have priority (often they will try for it though)
This is difficult to judge and even harder to enforce your priority if you are an outsider!
2. Asking this question, although it is a good clear communication, will immediately put a big label on you as a Kook and render any thoughts you might have as to your position in the line up as null and void
3. The line is amorphous and everchanging it is an intellectual amoeba. Just when you think you know the rules they change. But you are expected to know
a
ferinstance for you, a mellow session is in progress all is peace and love in the surf.
Barry the Frother paddles out hatred and entitlement in his heart, the nice people you were surfing with either ramp up their aggression or slowly get out or go to another bank.
4.different from place to place, time to time uncrowded to crowded.
5. Not a bad idea
From your other posts I would strongly suggest that you stick to beginners spots where people are a little more relaxed and often there are people to gently explain the workings of surf hierachy and politics 101 and help out.
Have a look at these threads
viewtopic.php?f=9&t=16067viewtopic.php?f=9&t=20443viewtopic.php?f=9&t=17710You will see you are not alone in asking questions of this sort and even I don't always know the pecking order but I can sigt to one side and observe for a while and see where I can fit in.
Take it slowly and easy and just set out to enjoy yourself getting into priority or kook called hassles gives no enjoyment.
I've taken up troll hunting just for fun, instead of a rifle I'll just use a pun!